Functional Groups

Functional groups are organic compounds that can contain elements other than Carbon or Hydrogen. These organic compounds contain elements such as Oxygen (alcohols), group 7 elements (halides), double bonded oxygens (ketones/aldehydes), a combination of a double bonded oxygen and an OH group (carboxylic acids) and Nitrogens (Amines)

ALCOHOLS
HALIDES

We will learn about nine functional groups!!!

Alcohols
Halides
Aldehydes
Ketones
Carboxylic Acids
Ethers
Amines
Amides
Esters

ALCOHOLS:

An alcohol is a hydrocarbon with a -OH bonded
Its ending is -OL (i.e Methanol)
Same naming rules apply
If a compound has more than one -OH group number both and add -diol, -triol, -tetraol, etc
Examples:




After observing the structural diagram try to find some clues to start. From this diagram you see there is an OH, therefore you know this is an alcohol and has to end with -OL
Count the longest carbon chain. The longest carbon chain is 8. Therefore, it is 1 Octanol
Name the side chains from 1 Octanol. 3 ethyl, 4 propyl
The compound is 3 ethyl, 4 propyl 1 octanol
Name the following Alcohols:




On the left: You see 2 OH groups and a carbon chain of 2 (eth-). Since this is an alcohol with 2 OH groups, we name this Ethanediol
On the right: We know that this is a benzene molecule. But it is not exactly a benzene molecule because it has an OH group attached to it. This is called a Phenol.


HALIDES:



Group 7 elements (F, Cl, Br, I) can bond to a hydrocarbon chain
Naming follows standard rules with halides using
floro-, chloro-, bromo-, and iodo-





Left: a carbon chain of 2. (Ethane). The name of this compound is: 1,1,2,2 tetrabromo ethane
On the right: You see a carbon chain of 3, and one is double bonded (prop, -ene). The name of this compound is: 2,3 dibromo 3 chloro 1 Propene

 Name the following compounds:

Answers:
(left) 1,3 dibromo 2,4 dichloro cyclobutane
(middle) 2 bromo, 1 ethyl, 3 floro benzene
(right) 3,3 diphenyl 1 propanol